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東北復興待何時？ | 紐約時報——1

China, Like U.S., Struggles to Revive Industrial Heartland

SHENYANG, China — The hulking, brown-brick industrial plants lining the roads were once the backbone of this gritty city. Today, they are outdated and unwanted, and the region is one of the Chinese economy’s most troubled.
中國沈陽。路兩側棕色磚頭砌成的龐大工廠曾經(jīng)是這座粗獷城市的脊梁。今天，一切都過時了，沒有人待見它們，這里是中國經(jīng)濟最困難的地區(qū)。
A short drive away, however, a newly minted industrial park offers reasons for optimism. Liu Qi, the chairman of PQI Industrial Technology Group, opened an $18 million factory there last year, equipped with whirring robots that pound out car parts for the German automaker BMW.
然而，開車走不遠，一座新修的工業(yè)園讓人有了樂觀的理由。普祺工業(yè)科技術集團董事長劉奇去年投資1800萬美元建廠，機器人颼颼生風，為德國汽車制造商寶馬打造汽車配件。
The factory, and the more than 200 jobs it has created, is just one small part of a grand plan led by China’s government to rejuvenate Shenyang, a city of eight million, by replacing stumbling state industries with modern manufacturing and start-up companies.
該工廠創(chuàng)造了超過200個就業(yè)崗位，是振興沈陽宏大計劃的一小部分。中國政府在這座擁有800萬人口的城市推動著這一計劃，將舉步維艱的國有工業(yè)替換為現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)和初創(chuàng)企業(yè)。
"When things hit bottom, there is an opportunity for things to go up," Mr. Liu, 46, said.
"觸底了，就有機會反彈，"46歲的劉奇說。
Whether the rejuvenation happens will shape not just the future of Shenyang, but also, potentially, the entire Chinese economy. The city’s woes represent a broader problem: There are too many unproductive, debt-laden factories that are losing business as China’s growth slows. If Beijing fails to overhaul those crumbling industries and revive the communities that rely on them, Shenyang and the surrounding area — and other similar regions — could weigh heavily on the country’s economic progress.
振興與否不僅塑造著沈陽的未來，可能還關乎整個中國經(jīng)濟。這所城市的困難體現(xiàn)出更大的問題：隨著中國增長放緩，有太多不事生產(chǎn)、債務累累的工廠。如果中國政府不能徹底整治這些瀕臨垮塌的產(chǎn)業(yè)，并讓仰仗其生活的人再度活躍起來，沈陽和其周邊地區(qū)以及其他類似地區(qū)可能成為該國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的重擔。
The story of Shenyang will probably sound familiar in places like Midwestern towns in the United States that have seen important industries decline or depart. During China’s go-go years, when factories, roads and housing were constructed with wild abandon, the city’s heavy industrial companies, many of them owned by the state, boomed. A rush of wealth was plowed into new apartment towers and shopping malls in Shenyang. The city still has an industrial air, with central office blocks designed in a near-uniform drab brown, matching its factory complexes.
沈陽的故事在美國中西部城鎮(zhèn)并不陌生，那里也經(jīng)歷了重要產(chǎn)業(yè)的凋零或離去。在中國大干快上的那些年里，工廠、公路和住房野蠻生長，該市的重工業(yè)隨之繁榮起來，而許多是國有公司。大量財富流入沈陽的新住宅樓和購物中心。城市還有一種工業(yè)范兒，中央商務區(qū)大樓設計成單調(diào)劃一的淺褐色，和工廠車間統(tǒng)一風格。
But as China’s investment binge fizzled, Shenyang and its factories sputtered. Last year, the economy of the northeastern province of Liaoning, of which Shenyang is the capital, shrank 2.5 percent — a shocking figure in a country accustomed to seemingly endless expansion. Other major cities have sped ahead of Shenyang in the development of the high-tech and service companies expected to propel China’s future growth.
可隨著中國投資熱潮虎頭蛇尾，沈陽和沈陽的工廠算是完犢子了。去年，東北遼寧省的經(jīng)濟下降2.5%，對習慣于不斷擴張的過渡而言，這一數(shù)字令人大跌眼鏡，而沈陽正是遼寧省的省會。其他主要城市發(fā)展超過沈陽，發(fā)展高技術和服務業(yè)，有望驅(qū)動中國未來的增長。
The entire northeast of the country, where much heavy industry has been concentrated, runs the risk of being left badly behind. The decay of this factory zone has left Beijing with a similar knotty problem to the one that has plagued Washington for decades: how to resurrect down-on-their-luck areas. In the United States, President Trump plans to streamline regulation, cut corporate taxes and renegotiate trade pacts to bring factory jobs back to troubled towns.
整個東北主要以重工業(yè)為主，有被落在后面的風險。這一工業(yè)區(qū)的衰落，讓中國政府同樣面臨著困擾了美國政府數(shù)十年的棘手問題：如何復興走下坡路的地區(qū)。在美國，特朗普總統(tǒng)計劃簡政放權，削減公司稅，重新談判貿(mào)易協(xié)定，把工廠崗位送回困難重重的城市中去。

沈陽斯特翻譯公司轉(zhuǎn)載
Around the world, state intervention to attempt to stimulate a domestic economy is not unusual. But officials in China, as is often the case, have adopted a much more hands-on approach. With lavish incentives and initiatives, they are trying to attract investment to the region and to upgrade its industries. Shenyang is a crucial test case. The city has set up a $7 million fund to support high-tech industries, promised a $30,000 bonus for some technology firms, and offered to pare the corporate tax rate for companies in favored sectors.
放眼世界，通過國家干預來刺激國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟并不稀奇。但中國官員一貫更加親力親為。通過大幅激勵和有力倡議，他們力圖把投資吸引過來，升級產(chǎn)業(yè)。沈陽是關鍵的試點。該市設立了700萬美元基金支持高科技業(yè)，承諾給部分技術公司3萬美元獎勵，并降低了優(yōu)先發(fā)展部門的公司稅率。
Mr. Liu’s factory opened inside the China-Germany Equipment Manufacturing Industrial Park, introduced in late 2015 to try to attract advanced production in robotics, automotive components and other industrial sectors. The government offers a 30 percent discount on land, streamlined regulations and other perks for companies that set up in the facility. PQI is now negotiating for rent breaks and cheap land for his current factory, as well as for future investments.
劉奇的工廠位于中德裝備制造產(chǎn)業(yè)園內(nèi)，工業(yè)園2015年末開業(yè)，引進機器人、汽車配件和其他工業(yè)部門中的高端制造。政府在土地方面給予30%的折扣，簡化法規(guī)，為在園內(nèi)建廠的公司提供各類特殊照顧。普祺正在為目前的工廠和未來投資申請租金寬減和土地低價轉(zhuǎn)讓。
Zhang Yanzan, the park’s deputy director, says that, since its opening, more than 140 factories have been completed or are underway, hauling in a total investment of nearly $6 billion. "We hope this park can be an example for other areas," he said.
工業(yè)園副主任張硯瓚表示，開園以來，超過140家工廠入駐或正在入駐，吸引總投資近60億美元。"我們希望園區(qū)成為其他地區(qū)的范本。"
The city authorities are also striving to persuade local college graduates to start companies in Shenyang by offering subsidies. The effort is focused on a shopping arcade of fast-food restaurants and computer outlets that had Start-Up and Innovation Street added to its name in 2015. On the top floor of one office tower in the area is an incubator called Phoenix Valley, founded by two Shenyang-born businessmen. One room is a cafe, where budding entrepreneurs swap tips over cappuccinos and browse shelves of books on business building. Next door, desks can be rented in a communal office for 300 renminbi, or about $45, a month. The incubator has more than 100 members and will soon open a second office in the city.
市政府還提供補助，鼓勵當?shù)卮髮W畢業(yè)生在沈陽創(chuàng)業(yè)。這主要集中在2015年被命名為"創(chuàng)業(yè)創(chuàng)新大街"的一條商街，兩側是快餐館和電腦門市。 這里一棟寫字樓的頂層有一家叫做"梧桐谷"的孵化企業(yè)，是兩個沈陽商人創(chuàng)建的。一間屋子是咖啡廳，創(chuàng)業(yè)者喝著卡布奇諾交流經(jīng)驗，瀏覽滿架子的創(chuàng)業(yè)書籍。隔壁是公用辦公室，可以租桌子，每月300元，約合45美元。孵化器有100多個成員，很快會在沈陽再開一家。
"The development in Shenyang is not as fast as in Beijing and Shenzhen, but if start-ups are really good at what they do, they will have more potential to grow," said Hong Qifan, who founded Phoenix Valley with his business partner, Ma Ke, citing China’s capital and one of its southern boom towns.
"沈陽的發(fā)展沒有北京和深圳那么快，但如果初創(chuàng)企業(yè)真得找對了路子，他們的增長潛力也大，"梧桐谷洪啟凡和合伙人馬可對比中國首都和中國南部一發(fā)展迅速的城市時說。
Shenyang’s taxpayers are contributing to the effort. Some entrepreneurs are eligible for subsidized housing, with rent costing the equivalent of $30 a month. This year, Phoenix Valley received a cash handout from the central and municipal governments worth more than $70,000. Local officials also helped the incubator’s founders negotiate a below-market rent for its headquarters.
沈陽的納稅人也出了力。有些企業(yè)家有資格獲得住房補貼，租金大概也就每月30美元。今年，梧桐谷拿到中央和市政府超過7萬美元的現(xiàn)金。當?shù)毓賳T還幫助孵化器創(chuàng)始人拿到低于市場價的房租作為總部辦公地。
Occupying one of the Phoenix Valley desks recently was Tao Qiuchen, 25, a Shenyang native who has founded a company called Hong Mo Fang Enterprise Management, which plans parties. In less than a year, Mr. Tao has hired 20 employees, thanks in part to the local government, which pays the interest on the $24,000 bank loan he took out to start the business.
25歲的陶秋晨租了梧桐谷的桌子，他是沈陽本地人，創(chuàng)建了紅磨坊企業(yè)管理公司，主營策劃派對。不到一年時間，陶秋晨雇傭了20名員工，一定程度上多虧了地方政府，后者支付了他創(chuàng)業(yè)時從銀行獲得的2.4萬美元貸款的利息。
The government programs "are definitely helping the economy," he said. Still, Innovation Street pales in comparison to the efforts in hot spots like Beijing and Hangzhou, a city in the east, which have not only higher salaries, but also entire neighborhoods of start-up centers. And the residents of Phoenix Valley complain that venture capital and talent are scarce in Shenyang.
政府項目"肯定對經(jīng)濟有幫助"，他說。但創(chuàng)業(yè)創(chuàng)新大街沒法與北京、杭州等熱點城市相比。東部城市杭州不僅工資更高，整片地區(qū)都是初創(chuàng)企業(yè)中心。入駐梧桐谷的創(chuàng)業(yè)者抱怨沈陽沒有風投和人才。
Other initiatives in the city seem to be generating more buzz than business. In April, Shenyang opened a branch of the provincial free-trade zone, in which companies can benefit from reduced red tape, discounted land and other advantages. At its offices, in the corner of a gargantuan, columned hall worthy of a Star Trek set, dozens of businesspeople and their agents lined up to register companies.
城市其他舉措的聲勢看起來比生意要紅火。四月，一個省級自由貿(mào)易區(qū)設立了沈陽片區(qū)，對于企業(yè)而言，這里審批手續(xù)少，土地價格有優(yōu)惠，還有其他一些好處。自貿(mào)片區(qū)辦公室設在一個巨大的、有廊柱的大廳一角，宛若《星際迷航》的布景。數(shù)十名商人及其代理人正在排隊注冊公司。
But the zone’s rules do not require these businesspeople to start any actual operations there. Tian Jiawei, a manager at an agricultural company based near Shenyang, registered an export-import firm, but has no plans to open an office or hire workers. "I’m not sure what kind of tax break I might enjoy, but I didn’t want to miss the opportunity," he said.
但自貿(mào)區(qū)規(guī)定不要求商人在此進行實質(zhì)性企業(yè)活動。沈陽附近一家農(nóng)業(yè)公司的負責人田家瑋注冊了一家進出口公司，但不打算設辦公室或招聘員工。"我不確定能享受什么稅收減免優(yōu)惠，但我不想錯過機會，"他說。
More problematic: Shenyang’s incentive programs are not unique. "Every province and city in China has policies to encourage investment and start-ups," said Zhao Xijun, deputy dean of the School of Finance at Renmin University in Beijing. "If northeast cities just do the same, they won’t be able to compete with those who are already ahead of them."
更麻煩的是，沈陽的刺激計劃并非獨一無二。"中國的每個省市都有鼓勵投資和創(chuàng)業(yè)的政策，"中國人民大學財政金融學院副院長趙錫軍說。"如果東北各市只是做一樣的事，他們無法與已經(jīng)走在它們前面的那些地方競爭。
The result is that, even with its active officials, China may find reviving its troubled industrial towns every bit as challenging as Western countries like the United States do.
結果是，即便官員行動積極，中國可能發(fā)現(xiàn)重振陷入困境的工業(yè)城市，其難度一點也不比美國等西方國家弱。
"Shenyang still has a long way to go," Mr. Liu, the factory owner, said. "It is like grass that you burn to the ground. It is going to grow back. You just don’t see it at the moment."
"沈陽還有很長的一段路要走，"工廠主劉奇說。"好比你把地上的草燒干凈了，它會長回來的，但現(xiàn)在還看不到。"
沈陽斯特翻譯公司轉(zhuǎn)載